O. Suprunenko, Y. Bederak

https://doi.org/10.15407/elmodel.48.04.003

Èlektron. model. 2026, 48(4):03-16

ABSTRACT

A Petri net is proposed for describing and modeling the operation of a circuit breaker rated up to 1000 V. A circuit breaker rated up to 1000 V is one of the most common electrical devices in the power industry. Its design is not overly complex, but it requires certain theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Petrie net theory allows us to consolidate all possible operating modes of a circuit breaker equipped with both electromagnetic and thermal release mechanisms. A model of a three-phase circuit breaker as a Petrie net has been developed, and all possible states and events in the operation of the circuit breaker have been described. The trajectories for all operating modes of circuit breakers are examined. A mathematical analysis of the ope­ration of the three-phase circuit breaker model based on a Petri net is conducted using the invariant method. It is proven that the circuit breaker model possesses the properties of liveliness, repeatability, boundedness, conservativeness, conflict-free operation, and full controllability, which indicates that the circuit breakerʼs operation is fully predictable in all operating modes (except for manual tripping).

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KEYWORDS

three-phase circuit breaker, Petri net, invariant analysis.

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Received 22.03.2026

I. Martyniuk, N. Zaika

https://doi.org/10.15407/elmodel.48.04.017

Èlektron. model. 2026, 48(4):17-27

ABSTRACT

Intelligent monitoring of cyber-physical systems based on a combination of continuous observation and machine learning models to detect anomalies and enhance the proactiveness of cyber defense is examined. The effectiveness of such approaches is determined by the quality of the data and the accuracy of the models, which are built on monitoring systems where cryptographic mechanisms are integrated directly into the process of data exchange between agents and the server. Cryptographic protection is designed to ensure the integrity of the security system at the machine code level. Algorithm verification is performed using test vectors in accordance with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) practices. Collectively, this forms a comprehensive approach to the cyber resilience of critical infrastructure.

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KEYWORDS

intelligent monitoring, cyber-physical systems, critical infrastructure, machine learning, anomaly detection, cryptographic protection, cyber resilience.

REFERENCES

1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Information Security Continuous Monitoring (ISCM) for Federal Information Systems and Organizations (NIST SP 800-137). URL: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-137.pdf (accessed: 11.01.2026).
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Received 14.04.2026

A. Khalygov, B. Lysov

https://doi.org/10.15407/elmodel.48.04.028

Èlektron. model. 2026, 48(4):28-46

ABSTRACT

Tools and methods for the automated collection, processing, and integration of data for scientific analytical systems in critical infrastructure are analyzed. A three-level methodology is proposed, which includes: collecting information from official, commercial, and unofficial APIs, web resources, and streaming platforms; preprocessing of data—cleaning, normalization, anonymization, and enrichment through cross-source integration; and the creation of a consolidated knowledge base for further use in predictive models and decision support systems. It has been shown that combining web scraping, streaming technologies (Kafka, Flink, Spark Streaming), and intelligent processing allows for working with heterogeneous structured and unstructured data in near real time. Practical examples from the energy, transportation, and cybersecurity sectors demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Future development prospects lie in integrating these methods with machine learning and explainable AI to improve the accuracy and transparency of analytical systems.

Full text: PDF

KEYWORDS

automated data collection, web scraping, streaming platforms, critical infrastructure, data processing.

REFERENCES

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   https://doi.org/10.31474/1996-1588-2025-1-40-28-34
2. Lysov, B.S., Hus’kova, V.H., Prosian’kina-Zharova, T.I., & Khalyhov, A.A. (2025). Information Technology for Classification of Monitoring Data of Systems and Data Transmission Networks for Cyber Threat Detection. Bulletin of NTU “KhPI”. Series: Computer Science and Modeling, 1(13), 95-108. Kharkiv: NTU “KhPI”. DOI: 10.20998/2411-0558.2025.01.08. ISSN 2079-0031 (Print), ISSN 2411-0558 (Online).
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4. Kudo, T., Morita, T., Matsuda, T., & Takine, T. (2013). PCA-based robust anomaly detection using periodic traffic behavior. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC) (pp. 1-6). Budapest, Hungary, June 9-13.
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Received 12.05.2026

F. Korobeynikov, V. Mokhor

https://doi.org/10.15407/elmodel.48.04.047

Èlektron. model. 2026, 48(4):47-89

ABSTRACT

The current discourse on the post-war reconfiguration of Ukraine’s energy system unfolds predominantly in technological and economic registers, leaving aside the higher-order question of the role of energy architecture in the system of state development. Yet it is at this level that it is decided whether the state will acquire strategic agency or become entrenched in the position of a dependent recipient of external technological solutions. This article proposes an analytical framework that enables Ukraine’s future energy architecture to be reconceived not as an engineering optimum, but as a strategic choice concerning the form of statehood under conditions of radical uncertainty.

The proposed strategy for the development of the Ukrainian energy sector draws on the authors’ theory of adaptive security, which identifies three regimes of behaviour exhibited by complex socio-technical systems in response to a crisis: robustness, which protects the existing functionality; resilience, which restores what has been lost; and transmorphance, which constitutes the system’s ontological becoming, generating new possibilities and driving evolutionary transformation.

On the basis of this theory, the work provides the rationale for a specific composition of technologies-renewable energy sources (RES), small modular reactors (SMR), and accelerator-driven subcritical systems (ADS), in combination with the existing nuclear and hydroelectric base-as the optimal configuration capable of addressing the main structural challenges of Ukraine’s energy system. A fundamentally important element of this composition is the systematic introduction of accelerator-driven subcritical systems into Ukraine’s strategic discourse. These systems combine an energy-generating function with the capacity for the transmutation of accumulated spent nuclear fuel, opening for Ukraine the position of a co-author rather than a recipient in the emerging nuclear technological ecosystem. Analysis of technological maturity, alongside the regulatory, financial, and institutional conditions of implementation, demonstrates that Ukraine’s energy heritage, under conditions of transmorphic redesign, may become a resource of strategic advantage.

The work makes a twofold contribution: in the methodological dimension, it proposes a new analytical framework for the evaluation of critical infrastructure through the triad of robustness, resilience, and transmorphance; in the strategic dimension, it establishes a specific energy composition as the material form of adaptive security for the Ukrainian state.

Full text: PDF

KEYWORDS

adaptive security, Ukraine’s energy system, robustness, resilience, transmorphance, inherent safety, accelerator-driven subcritical systems (ADS), HILP risks, transmutation of spent nuclear fuel.

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Received 24.06.2026